References
1. Granucci, "Nor Cruel and Unusual Punishment Inflicted: The Original Meaning, 57 CALIF. L. REV. 839, 844 (1969).
2. J. Dawson, The Development of Law and Legal Institutions 44 (unpublished, Harvard Law School 1965), cited in Granucci, supra note 6, at 845 n.25.
3. 2 U.S.C. S.192; 19 U.S.C. S. 283; 18 U.S.C. S. 1658, as cited in a historical section on mandatory minimums in the SENTENCING COMM'N REPORT, supra note 2, at 5-10 and Appendix A.
4. S. Rep. No. 1997, 84th Cong., 2d Sess. 6 (1956).
5. Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, Pub. L. No. 91-513, 84 Stat. 1236 (1970).
6. S. REP. No. 613, 91st Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1969).
7. Congressional Record, House (116 CONG. REC. H 33314) (Sept. 23, 1970).
8. For a discussion of the rehabilitative view toward prisons, see Nagel, "Foreword: Structuring Sentencing Discretion: The New Federal Sentencing Guidelines," 80 J. Crim. & Criminology 883, 893-95, 895-99 (1990).
9. NATIONAL COMMISSION ON REFORM OF FEDERAL CRIMINAL LAWS, FINAL REPORT (1971) (the Brown Commission). The Commission was established by Congress by Act of Nov. 8, 1966, Pub. L. No. 89-801, 80 Stat. 1516.
10. Marx Lectures, Nov. 3-5, 1971, pub. as Frankel, Lawlessness in Sentencing, 41 U. CINN. L. REV. 1 (1972), reprinted in Reform of the Federal Criminal Laws: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Laws and Procedures of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., Part IV, at 3923 (1972).
11. Tonry, Michael, Sentencing Reform Impacts, Issues and Practices in Criminal Justice 24 (1987).
12. Senate Report, supra note 2, at 52.
13. 121 CONG. REC. 37565 (1975) (statement of Senator Tunney upon introducing S. 2699, to establish a United States Commission on Sentencing Guidelines).
14. Wallace, A Bias in the War on Drugs, THE CHAMPION 20 (Dec. 1986). In the resulting "can-you-top-this atmosphere," editorialized the Washington Post, "if someone had offered an amendment to execute pushers only after flogging and hacking them, it probably would have passed."
15. UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMM'N, SPECIAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS: MANDATORY MINIMUM PENALTIES IN THE FEDERAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 14 (Aug. 1991).
16. Cris Carmody, "Revolt to Sentencing Is Gaining Momentum," National Law Journal, May 17, 1993, p. 10.
17. "The Verdict is In," ABA Journal, Oct. 1993, p. 78.
18. Vincent Broderick, Testimony of July 28, 1993, before U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Criminal Justice; quoted in "House Panel Cool to Appeals for Mandatory Minimum Repeal," Criminal Justice Newsletter 24, no. 15 (August 2, 1993): 5.
19. Charles E. Schumer, "Finding a Middle Ground on Mandatory Minimums," Legal Times, August 23, 1993, p. 21. As noted by David Kopel, "Prison Blues: How America's Foolish Sentencing Policies Endanger Public Safety," CATO Policy Analysis, May 17, 1994, p. 22).
20. The Department of Justice "Analysis of Non-Violent Drug Offenders with Minimal Criminal Histories," Feb. 4, 1994.
21. FAMMGram, July-Dec. 1995, p. 1.
22. FAMMGram, August-December 1996, p.5.
23. FAMMGram, November 1997-March 1998.
24. FAMMGram, September-December 1998, p. 6.
25. FAMMGram, September-December 1998.
26. FAMMGram, September-December 1998, p. 6.
27. FAMMGram, Fall 2000, pp. 4-5; Steer's testimony.
28. John Steer, vice chair, U.S. Sentencing Commission, before the House Governmental Reform Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources, May 11, 2000.
29. Justice on Trial: Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights and Leadership Conference Education Fund, 2000.
30. Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs, Human Rights Watch, May 2000.
31. "The Punishing Decade: Prison and Jail Estimates at the Millennium," Justice Policy Institute, 2000.
32. FAMMGram, Fall 2000, p. 1.
33. FAMMGram, Winter 2000, p.1.
34. FAMMGram, Spring 2001, p. 1.
35. FAMMGram, Spring 2001, p. 15.
36 FAMMGram, Summer 2001, pp.15-16; New York Times, "States easing stringent laws on prison time," by Fox Butterfield, 9/2/01.
37. FAMMGram, Summer 2001, p. 1; www.aclu.org.
38. FAMMGram, Summer 2002, p. 1.
39. FAMMGram, Winter 2002, p. 1.
40. FAMMGram, Fall 2002, p. 1.41. FAMMGram, Summer 2002, p. 1.
42. FAMMGram, Fall 2002, p. 7.
43. FAMMGram, Winter 2002, p. 1; FAMMGram, Spring 2003, p. 1.
44. FAMMGram, Summer 2003, pp. 1, pp. 4-7.
45. FAMMGram, Summer 2003, pp. 1, pp. 4-7.
46. FAMMGram, Fall 2003, pp. 4-5.
47. FAMMGram, Winter 2003, p. 1.
48. FAMMGram, Winter 2003, p. 5
49. FAMMGram, Fall 2003, pp. 4-6.
50. FAMMGram, Fall 2003, p. 1.
51. "Smart on Crime: Positive Trends in State-Level Sentencing and Corrections Policy," by Judith Greene of Justice Strategies for Families Against Mandatory Minimums, November 2003.
52. FAMMGram, Spring 2004, p. 8.
54. 53. FAMMGram, Summer 2004, p. 10.FAMMGram, Fall 2004, p. 14.
55. FAMMGram, Fall 2004, pp. 1, 4-8; FAMMGram, Winter 2004, p. 1.
56. FAMMGram, Fall 2004, p. 1; FAMMGram, Winter 2004, p. 1.
57. "New York State Votes to Reduce Drug Sentences," New York Times, December 8, 2004.